Symptoms of gallbladder cancer usually do not appear until the tumor has already spread or the cancer has advanced to an advanced stage. In the case of gallbladder cancer, patients may experience pain in the upper right abdomen. The pain may be accompanied by a general loss of appetite. A person who experiences jaundice, a yellow coloration in the skin and whites of the eyes, may also have gallbladder cancer. In addition to this, light colored or gray stools may be present.
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The cause of gallbladder cancer is not known for sure, but certain factors increase the risk. Genetics, smoking, chronic typhoid fever, radon, and other factors can increase the risk. However, some risk factors can be avoided or decreased with a healthy lifestyle. For example, a healthy diet should include cereals, whole grains, two and a half cups of fruits and vegetables per day. People should limit their intake of processed foods and red meat.
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Stage I of gallbladder cancer is localized. If cancer has not spread beyond the gallbladder’s mucosal layer, it is classified as carcinoma in situ. In stage IIB, cancer has spread to the muscle layer and connective tissue surrounding the gallbladder. Stage IIIB cancer spreads to nearby organs and structures. The disease can also spread to nearby lymph nodes. Only in rare cases is surgery used to treat the disease.
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Primary treatment for gallbladder cancer involves a surgery called cholecystectomy. The surgeon removes the gallbladder along with the lymph nodes and tissue. The procedure may involve removing the gallbladder or portions of the liver. Sometimes, a video camera is used to guide the surgery, or a surgical instrument is inserted through the abdomen. Radiation therapy may cause skin problems and liver damage.
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Symptoms of gallbladder cancer may be difficult to detect in the early stages because the disease does not have any physical symptoms. Most people do not experience any symptoms of gallbladder cancer in the early stages, and doctors will only detect the disease once it has progressed. If symptoms persist, it may be time to seek medical care. However, it is important to remember that gallstones are not symptoms of gallbladder cancer.
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If detected in its early stages, gallbladder cancer can be treated with surgery. If surgery is not an option, palliative treatment may be recommended. Ongoing clinical trials can help patients improve their quality of life. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) offers information about ongoing trials in this field. Tests for staging gallbladder cancer are done at the same time as the diagnosis. They may indicate a disease progression, or it may be a benign tumor.
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A biopsy may be necessary. To determine if there is any gallbladder cancer, a doctor may take a sample of tissue from the affected area using a microscope. The results of a biopsy will be used to determine if the cancer has spread to other organs. In rare cases, a biopsy is performed to see if the cancer has spread to the liver or has spread to other organs.
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The causes of gallbladder cancer are unknown, but chronic inflammation of the gallbladder and an excessive amount of bile may contribute. Gallstones, which block bile ducts, may also cause chronic inflammation in the gallbladder. The inflammation can expose gallbladder cells to chemicals longer than normal. A gallbladder tumor can also develop if ducts are enlarged and permit pancreatic juices to flow back into the gallbladder. Chronic inflammation may contribute to changes in cell DNA, which are the hallmarks of cancerous tumors.
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If a patient’s cancer has spread to other organs, treatment may include surgery to remove the gallbladder. Surgery to remove the gallbladder may be performed with a simple cholecystectomy or a more invasive operation known as an extended cholecystectomy. However, this treatment may not be sufficient for people who have a normal bile duct.
