The first step in the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer is to determine its stage. This classification is based on the amount of cancer in the patient’s gallbladder and may also be used to determine how far the disease has spread. Stage I describes cancer in the gallbladder that has not spread beyond the gallbladder’s lining or muscle layers. Stage II describes cancer that has spread beyond the gallbladder and has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or arteries.
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Symptoms of gallbladder cancer can include abdominal pain, fullness in the upper abdomen, bile duct blockage, and weight loss. Abdominal pain, particularly in the upper right side of the abdomen, is another symptom. However, a tender or swollen abdomen is more likely to be due to other gastrointestinal problems. In addition, abdominal pain may also indicate an enlarged gallbladder.
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Often, gallbladder cancer has no symptoms during its early stages. As a result, the symptoms of gallbladder cancer may appear similar to those of gallstones or inflammation. However, it is difficult to know if the symptoms of gallbladder cancer are due to gallstones or another condition. In most cases, early detection of gallbladder cancer is a matter of chance. Patients who have gallstones are often able to identify the presence of gallbladder cancer only after gallbladder removal.
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Imaging tests can help doctors confirm the presence of gallbladder cancer. CT scans use X-rays to create pictures of internal organs. A CT scan uses computerized tomography (CT) or MRI uses radio waves and magnets to generate detailed images of internal organs. The endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedure involves inserting a thin tube with a camera into the abdomen. It allows the doctor to see inside the bile ducts, which can be narrowed due to gallbladder cancer.
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In some cases, gallbladder cancer may be due to a condition called primary sclerosing cholangitis, which causes inflammation of the bile ducts. Patients who suffer from primary sclerosing cholangitis are more likely to develop gallbladder cancer. Although gallbladder cancer is a rare disease, it can be caused by certain medical conditions, including gallbladder disease, polyps, or bile duct abnormalities.
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Some people who are diagnosed with gallbladder cancer experience abdominal pain frequently. Although nausea and vomiting are common, they can often be treated with anti-sickness medications. Jaundice is caused by a build-up of bilirubin in the blood and causes a yellow appearance of the skin and white parts of the eyes. Some patients experience pale or light-colored stools due to the build-up of bilirubin.
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As with all cancer, early diagnosis and treatment is critical for survival. Although gallbladder cancer has a very low mortality rate, if detected early, the disease can be successfully treated. Surgery may be necessary to remove the affected gallbladder. However, palliative care and clinical trials can improve the quality of life of patients. For patients with more advanced stages of the disease, en bloc resection of the gallbladder and portal lymph nodes may be necessary. These procedures, however, carry significant morbidity and are often used to treat bile duct carcinoma.
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The disease can spread to the lymph nodes, the pancreas, or any other organ in the body. In most cases, gallbladder cancer develops in the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ behind the right lower ribs. The gallbladder is approximately 3 to 4 inches long, and is normally no wider than an inch in diameter. Once diagnosed, the symptoms of gallbladder cancer will include pain in the chest, fever, nausea, and vomiting.
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Symptoms of gallbladder cancer may include right upper quadrant pain and a Courvoisier sign, indicating chronic malignant obstruction. Other signs to look for include hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, and bowel obstruction. Surgical intervention, however, is only effective in Stage II and less advanced stages of the disease. Surgery may also be performed to remove the tumor. If it is advanced enough, a gallbladder may be removed via cholecystectomy or medicul resection.
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MRI tests are another diagnostic tool that doctors can use to determine whether or not the disease has spread to other organs. A lighted tube called an endoscope is inserted through the mouth into the gallbladder to take a biopsy. This test may also reveal whether cancer cells have spread to other organs. This information is critical for determining the best treatment approach for a patient. And, because MRI scans can be inaccurate, they can also cause side effects.
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Although there are no definitive treatments for gallbladder cancer, you may want to consider clinical trials if you’ve been diagnosed with the disease. These trials may be offered before, during, or after cancer treatment. Sometimes patients may need follow-up tests after treatment. A doctor will explain the risks and benefits of these treatments for gallbladder cancer. If you are undergoing chemotherapy, you may have side effects and need to stop taking the drug.
