The PDQ cancer information summary is based on independent reviews of the medical literature and is not a formal recommendation from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It provides up-to-date information on treatments for gallbladder cancer. While the information in this summary is intended to be helpful, it does not provide formal guidelines on how to treat the disease. If you suspect that you have gallbladder cancer, consult your doctor immediately.
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Gallbladder cancer can be staged based on its growth. Stage 0 represents cancer in situ, which is when the tumor has not spread beyond the gallbladder’s outer layer or to the surrounding muscle and connective tissue. Stage IIIA describes tumors that have spread beyond the gallbladder to nearby structures and organs. Depending on its location, it may spread to the peritoneum, lungs, or lymph nodes.
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Early symptoms of gallbladder cancer may be hard to identify. Some people may not experience the symptoms of the disease until it has spread and has grown to a large size. Early diagnosis of the disease is important to ensure prompt treatment and a positive outcome. Most gallbladder cancer patients experience pain in the upper right part of their abdomen. The pain can be dull or sharp and is most often felt in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen. Additionally, stools may be gray or light in color.
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Some other symptoms of gallbladder cancer are a yellowish color in the skin and whites of the eyes. Bilirubin builds up in the blood, which can settle in different parts of the body. Bilirubin in the gallbladder can also spread to nearby organs in the liver. Some patients may experience a swollen gallbladder that can cause abdominal pain. Ultrasound tests can show if the cancer has spread to the liver.
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In patients with suspected gallbladder cancer, a physician may perform a diagnostic laparoscopy to confirm the diagnosis. The procedure may further define the anatomy of the cancer before surgery. En bloc resection of the gallbladder and portal lymph nodes may also be recommended, but this option is associated with a high morbidity and is not suitable for all patients. For those with advanced disease, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography or CT scan may be necessary.
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Blood tests are an important part of a diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. Liver function tests measure the level of chemicals released into the blood by the liver and gallbladder. A high level of CA 19-9 may indicate a cancer. The CT scan may also be combined with an angiogram. These tests may reveal a tumor or abnormality in the gallbladder. If you notice any of the above symptoms, schedule a consultation with your doctor.
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The next step is the stage of the cancer. If it is in the early stages, it may have spread to nearby lymph nodes and distant organs. The cancer may have spread to the main blood vessel leading to the liver or to nearby lymph nodes. If it has spread to nearby organs, it is known as metastasis. If the tumor has spread to distant organs, however, it may be stage I-IV.
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Among the non-cancerous symptoms, nausea and vomiting are not necessarily associated with gallbladder cancer. However, they may appear along with other symptoms. Vomiting and abdominal pain may occur along with jaundice or stomach flu-like symptoms, while yellowing of the whites of the eyes may be signs of gallbladder cancer. A medical diagnosis of gallbladder cancer can help you decide whether the symptoms are due to a gallstone or something else.
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When the symptoms are severe and persistent, gallbladder cancer should be suspected. Early detection is essential. This cancer often develops silently and is not detectable in the early stages. Although gallstones can be the primary cause of gallbladder cancer, obesity and advancing age are known risk factors. Gender also plays a role in the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. In the event of a gallbladder cancer, treatment options will vary, but will usually include surgery, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.
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The best way to determine the presence of gallbladder cancer is through a biopsy, a procedure that removes a small sample of tissue or fluid. The cells are examined under a microscope for signs of cancer. Treatment for gallbladder cancer is usually determined by the stage of the cancer, type of cancer cells, and whether it has spread throughout the body. A biopsy of the gallbladder can be done by a surgeon after a tumor is removed.
