Doctors often use a variety of methods to diagnose multiple sclerosis. These procedures can include an MRI scan to look for active lesions or inactive ones in the brain or spinal cord, optical coherence tomography (OCT) to look for thinning around the optic nerve, and a spinal tap to test the cerebrospinal fluid for abnormalities. Additional tests may be ordered to rule out other conditions or diagnose the symptoms of MS. While early diagnosis is important for slowing disease progression, there is no cure for the condition.
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Muscle weakness and spasticity are two of the most common MS symptoms. Both muscle spasms and pain are associated with MS. The damaged nerve fibers may lead to pain, which may be severe enough to affect daily activities. Pain, particularly in the lower back or neck, is an indirect symptom of MS. Cognitive impairment can also be a sign of MS and is linked to a variety of conditions, including depression, anxiety, and certain medicines.
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While the exact cause of MS is unknown, genetic factors play a role in the development of the disease. People who have close family members with the condition have a higher risk of developing it. Genetic markers called human leukocyte antigens increase the likelihood of developing MS. These markers help the body distinguish between self and non-self. They are present in every single cell of the body. Once these proteins are present, the body begins attacking the foreign substances.
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While not as common as urinary incontinence, bowel incontinence can also be a common symptom of the disease. Unlike urinary incontinence, bowel incontinence is often linked to constipation. Sticked stool can irritate the bowel wall, resulting in increased mucus or fluid. Although bowel issues are not specific to MS, some may be caused by the side effects of some medications. Another sign of MS is the difficulty in chewing or swallowing.
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The exact cause of multiple sclerosis remains unknown, but this autoimmune disease is a condition that involves the body’s immune system attacking its own tissues. The malfunctioning immune system destroys the protective myelin coating around nerve fibers. Damaged nerve fibers can interfere with the speed and accuracy of messages. These weakened nerves lead to symptoms of multiple sclerosis. Even if it doesn’t cause pain, MS can lead to severe physical and mental disabilities.
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Although there is no known cure for MS, there are several treatments. The most common of these treatments is intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), a mixture of healthy blood donors’ antibodies. This medication helps reduce unwanted immune responses in MS patients. But it is associated with a variety of side effects, including joint pain, low-grade fever, and heart tremors. In some rare cases, this drug is not the first choice for treating MS.
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The two main types of MS are primary and secondary progressive. The primary form is progressive, and worsening neurological function is common. However, there are some remissions and partial recoveries. Primary progressive MS accounts for about 15 percent of all cases. While the symptoms vary from one region to the other, people with this disease are often affected by multiple sclerosis for years, even decades. The progression of MS will affect every aspect of life.
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Genetic factors are not a huge factor in developing MS. While people with first-degree relatives with MS have a slightly higher risk, a family history of MS and a positive oligoclonal band (OCB) in spinal fluid are not enough to trigger a diagnosis of MS. People who have an RRMS diagnosis have episodes of disease activity followed by remission periods. These episodes can occur more often in people who live in colder regions.
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The symptoms of MS can be difficult to recognize as they are similar to other problems affecting the nervous system. However, doctors can rule out other diseases and symptoms before determining if MS is the culprit. There are several types of the disease, and doctors should know the exact symptoms of each type before recommending a course of treatment. The most common type of MS is relapsing-remitting. People with this type of MS tend to have multiple attacks separated by periods of remission. The symptoms of primary-progressive MS are usually more severe than those of relapsing-remitting MS.
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