Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that targets the nerve cells in the basal ganglia, which regulate movement, balance, and flexibility. In this disease, dopamine fails to work as it should and symptoms occur. Parkinson’s patients experience increased levels of glutamate in their bodies, a type of amino acid that compensates for the lack of dopamine. This leads to increased muscle tone and rigidity. In addition, people with Parkinson’s disease experience postural instability, where the center of gravity is lowered.
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The first step in treating Parkinson’s disease is to determine the cause. The most accurate diagnosis is made by a neurologist with special training in movement disorders. This evaluation includes a complete medical history, neurological examination, and assessment of the patient’s symptoms. The doctor will also look at any family history or exposure to toxins. Further evaluation may include tests of coordination and fine motor tasks.
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Parkinson’s disease symptoms can vary from person to person and may develop over years. Usually, the first signs of the disease include a hunched or stooped posture. Some people may also have a slow gait and shortened strides. A person with Parkinson disease may also have difficulty turning while walking. Additionally, the person may blink less frequently. This is a sign of decreased facial muscle control and is a sign of early Parkinson’s disease. Other symptoms include a stiff or mask-like facial expression.
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As the disease progresses, Parkinson symptoms begin to become more severe. Balance issues can become more severe and may affect the person’s ability to perform daily tasks. However, patients with this stage are usually able to maintain their independence. By the time they reach the fourth stage, they may require assistance to stand on their own. By this time, they may be in danger of falling, which can lead to injuries. There are many treatment options available for Parkinson’s disease.
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In addition to medication, patients may also benefit from exercise. Exercise can help improve balance, flexibility, and range of motion. It can also help patients cope with their symptoms and may reduce depression. A physical therapist will recommend an exercise program for people with Parkinson’s disease. These exercises may include walking, swimming, or stretching. Patients should exercise slowly, not move too fast, and pay attention to their posture.
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In addition to the physical symptoms, Parkinson’s disease can cause psychological issues, such as depression or anxiety. People with Parkinson’s disease may also have difficulty swallowing food or talking, and may develop restless legs. These symptoms can interfere with daily living and can make it difficult to complete tasks. In addition, the effects of the disease can affect the patient’s ability to sleep.
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Physical therapy can relieve muscle tension and pain. Physiotherapists help patients move more easily and increase their fitness levels. The goal of physical therapy is to increase balance, flexibility, and walking. A speech therapist may be beneficial for those with Parkinson’s. The speech therapist may teach patients how to speak properly.
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Parkinson’s disease may affect the eyes, causing decreased blinking. Blinking can slow from 16-18 times per minute to one or two times a minute. This can lead to dry eyes. Another symptom of Parkinson’s disease is fatigue, which is often accompanied by depression and sleep disorders. The digestive system is also affected and sufferers may experience constipation.
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Dysphagia (a reduction in the ability to swallow) is another symptom. People with dysphagia are at risk of choking and pneumonia. Hypophonia (a reduction in the ability to speak) and a slow, weak voice are often other non-motor symptoms. These symptoms are often the first signs of Parkinson’s disease.
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A number of medications can help people with Parkinson’s disease. Deep brain stimulation surgery, which uses electrodes implanted in the brain, may help reduce or even eliminate some symptoms. This procedure may also decrease the amount of medicines needed to treat the disease. It also reduces tremor and wriggling movements.
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Doctors may use a variety of tests to diagnose Parkinson’s disease. They may also perform neurological examinations and order blood tests to rule out other illnesses. In some cases, MRI-guided focused ultrasound has helped some people with Parkinson’s manage tremors. A free newsletter provided by the Mayo Clinic is a great resource for learning about the disease and its symptoms.
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Levodopa is the most common treatment for Parkinson’s disease. It helps dopamine production by nerve cells. This in turn replenishes the brain’s diminishing supply. Levodopa is usually taken in combination with another drug called carbidopa. This combination minimizes the side effects of levodopa and reduces the amount of dose needed to improve symptoms.
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