Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that begins with a reduction in the dopamine levels in the brain. Research indicates that a combination of genetic and environmental factors can increase the risk of developing the disease. The disease can also be caused by certain medications, such as haloperidol or reserpine.
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In the early stages, Parkinson’s symptoms are generally not noticeable to others and may not prompt a diagnosis. If the disease is diagnosed early enough, treatment can help control the symptoms and help patients lead normal lives. As the disease progresses, muscle stiffness becomes more prevalent. In some cases, a person may even be unable to stand without help.
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Other symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease include a stooped or hunched posture, a lack of odor, and restless legs. These symptoms can affect daily living and impair a person’s ability to plan and carry out tasks. Cognitive changes may also accompany these symptoms and can be contributed to by other conditions, such as stress or depression.
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Essential tremor is an involuntary rhythmic tremor that affects the hands, arms, and head. Essential tremor is usually inherited. It is associated with a disorder called globus pallidus interna (GPi), which regulates muscle tone. When the GPi no longer produces dopamine, the muscles begin to lose strength. This lack of dopamine results in a variety of symptoms that become more severe over time.
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Medications for Parkinson’s disease have made great strides in recent years. They often replace the missing brain chemical dopamine and improve certain symptoms, but may need to be adjusted as the disease progresses. A more advanced treatment option is deep brain stimulation, which involves implanting electrodes in the brain. These electrodes are connected to a small electrical device placed in the chest. Deep brain stimulation may help reduce some symptoms, while simultaneously reducing other symptoms and the need for medications.
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Other symptoms of Parkinson’s disease may include constipation and loss of taste and smell. As you may suspect, flavor and odor are very interrelated. As the protein alpha-synuclein clumps in the olfactory bulb, the patient may have diminished sense of smell. This is a common symptom, affecting seventy percent of patients with Parkinson’s disease.
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Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease can be difficult to diagnose in the early stages. However, a doctor can make a correct diagnosis by looking at your medical history, physical exam, and neurological exam. Sometimes, patients may need a brain scan to rule out other conditions. A doctor may perform a series of blood tests and dopamine transporter scans to help narrow down the causes.
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Surgery may also be recommended to treat some symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. While it is not a cure, it can ease some symptoms, including tremor and rigidity. It can also reduce the amount of medication a patient needs to treat their symptoms. Lesion surgery involves scarring tissue in the brain to block an area responsible for tremor. The procedure is often performed while the patient is awake. If successful, the patient may be able to recover within a couple of steps.
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Aside from movement-related symptoms, Parkinson’s patients may also experience psychotic symptoms. These symptoms can be accompanied by delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations. The first step in treatment is identifying the symptoms and treating them accordingly. Your healthcare provider can also refer you to the right medication for your needs.
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Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include tremor, stiffness, and difficulty walking. Tremor usually begins in one part of the body and becomes more pronounced as the disease progresses. Some patients also develop rigidity, which is often mistaken for arthritis. Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease vary among individuals, so it’s important to see a doctor as soon as you notice any changes in your body.
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Treatments for Parkinson’s disease may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other treatments. Physical therapy aims to ease joint pain and muscle stiffness. Physiotherapists help patients improve their mobility and fitness, enabling them to take part in normal activities again. Occupational therapy can also help patients with speech and swallowing difficulties.
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The primary treatment for Parkinson’s disease is levodopa. This drug stimulates nerve cells to produce dopamine, which replaces the dwindling supply in the brain. It is often taken with a drug called carbidopa, which reduces the side effects and improves symptoms. However, levodopa can have serious side effects if it is suddenly discontinued.
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