Several early signs of Parkinson’s disease include a stooped, leaning posture and difficulty initiating movement. Other symptoms include decreased muscle control, reduced facial expression, and difficulty turning from side to side. These symptoms can be severe on one side of the body or milder on the other.
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A doctor with experience in movement disorders can make an accurate diagnosis. He or she will assess the patient’s medical history and perform a neurological exam. Your doctor will also look at your family’s medical history and the types of medications you’ve taken. In addition, your doctor will want to know if you’ve been exposed to certain toxins. An examination may also include tests of coordination, walking, and fine motor functions.
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Other common symptoms of Parkinson’s include difficulty urination and constipation. Your sense of smell and taste are impacted as well. Both of these senses are heavily involved with flavor, and the disease can cause impaired sense of smell. Your body’s ability to smell can be compromised when protein called alpha-synuclein forms clumps in your olfactory bulb. If you notice any of these symptoms, talk to your doctor right away.
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A tremor, or rhythmic shaking, can also be a sign of Parkinson’s disease. These symptoms can make it difficult for you to walk or stand. You may also experience problems getting out of bed or sitting in a chair, and your muscles may be stiff and painful. These symptoms can interfere with your daily life and affect your ability to plan and accomplish tasks.
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As the disease progresses, the symptoms may get more pronounced. You may not notice them at first, or they may be limited to one side. But as your symptoms progress, they will become more noticeable, and your daily activities may be affected as well. You may need help with daily tasks, but you will likely maintain your independence until you reach stage four.
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If you have Parkinson’s disease, your brain produces less dopamine, which results in difficulty controlling movement. When this happens, neurons in the basal ganglia begin to die, which results in a lack of dopamine. In addition to reduced dopamine, your body also produces high levels of glutamate to compensate for the lack of dopamine. This imbalance causes tremors in your arms, legs, and hands. These shaking tend to diminish as you use the affected limbs. Moreover, you may also experience postural instability.
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Although there is no cure for Parkinson’s disease, medications have made great strides. These medicines replace dopamine, which helps control certain symptoms. However, your doctors may have to switch medicines if your symptoms become more severe. Another FDA-approved treatment is deep brain stimulation, which involves implanting a small electrical device into your brain. This may help you control the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and decrease your reliance on some medicines.
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Early symptoms of Parkinson’s disease may occur months or even years before the disease is advanced. In the early stages, a person may not even notice the symptoms of Parkinson’s. Therefore, doctors use the Hoehn and Yahr scale to assess the progression of the disease. This scale was introduced in 1967 and includes five stages, from zero to five. The earliest stage of the disease is stage zero, and stage five is considered advanced. The scale was later revised and is now known as modified Hoehn and Yahr.
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Early Parkinson’s symptoms are usually more subtle and gradual, with mild tremors, difficulty getting out of a chair, and muscle stiffness. Some patients may also have difficulty writing, and their handwriting may become cramped or slow. Early symptoms may also be accompanied by other health problems.
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Levodopa is the most common medication used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. It works by regulating dopamine levels in nerve cells. It is usually taken in combination with carbidopa, which delays the breakdown of levodopa and increases its availability across the blood-brain barrier. A second treatment is dopamine agonists, which mimic dopamine in the brain. These can be used as bridge medications when levodopa is ineffective. A third option is anticholinergics, which block the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. These medications can reduce tremors and rigidity in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
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There are no known cures for Parkinson’s disease, but medications can drastically reduce the severity of the symptoms. If the disease progresses, a doctor may recommend surgery. In some cases, lifestyle changes may help to manage the symptoms. Physical therapy may be beneficial, with exercises aimed at improving balance and stretching. A speech pathologist can also help patients with speech problems.
