Anthrax is an infection that is characterized by three types of symptoms. Symptoms may start within a day or two after inhalation and may continue for a week. People who are infected can be at risk of death. However, antibiotics can reduce the risk of death. In addition, patients can receive supportive care in a hospital.
The first symptoms of anthrax are similar to the flu. The person may have a high fever, sweating, and difficulty breathing. They may also experience muscle aches and tiredness. If the person has these symptoms, he or she should seek medical attention immediately. A doctor can perform a blood test to determine whether the person is suffering from anthrax.
As the disease progresses, the lymph nodes swell and may bleed. This can lead to organ failure and even death. The disease is more likely to affect the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. While the exact cause of anthrax is unknown, the bacterium is known to multiply in macrophages, a type of white blood cell. These cells help the bacteria spread.
Skin anthrax is the most common form of anthrax. It occurs most frequently in agricultural workers. When exposed to the spores, a patient may experience a small bump or sore on the skin. Over the course of a few days, the sore may develop into an ulcer. There may be a black center to the sore, indicating the presence of a bacterial colony. Although the disease is usually not fatal, 20% of people who are exposed to it die without treatment.
Inhalation anthrax is the most severe form of anthrax. It is caused by breathing in spores. Patients can be treated by receiving an antibiotic by mouth or injection. However, many patients with inhalation anthrax die within 24 to 36 hours of onset. Because the symptoms are similar to those of the flu, it is important to begin treatment as soon as possible. Some patients require mechanical ventilation, which helps with breathing. Other treatments include corticosteroids, which can help to lower blood pressure.
Gastrointestinal anthrax is less common. Symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax include stomach pain and bloody diarrhea. In addition to these symptoms, it is usually accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Often, the person will lose appetite and feel weak and fatigued.
Throat and pharynx anthrax are rarely diagnosed in North America. Instead, this is a bacterial infection that is usually found in developing countries. Symptoms of this type of anthrax may include a sore throat, bluish tinged skin, and difficulty swallowing. Another symptom is edema in the throat tissues.
Anthrax can be transmitted by contact with infected animals or food. People in high-risk professions, such as veterinarians, should be careful when dealing with animals. Contact with anthrax spores on wool or wool clothing should be avoided. Those who are exposed should wash their clothes with soap and water. Alternatively, clothing can be decontaminated with a 0.5% hypochlorite solution.
During anthrax outbreak, it is often necessary to quarantine individuals. Depending on the type of anthrax, they may be treated with anthrax vaccine. Vaccines are not recommended for the general public.
