There are various types of cancer in the anus, but this article focuses on squamous cell carcinoma. The treatment algorithms for these cancers follow their type. The treatment of anal squamous cell carcinoma consists of chemotherapy and radiation. The cancer cells are more susceptible to radiation therapy because they divide more rapidly and have a weaker ability to repair damaged DNA. The radiation kills the cancer cells more easily.
Among the causes of anal cancer, the human papillomavirus (HPV) is believed to play a role. This virus is common among people and is transmitted through sexual contact. People with a history of cervical cancer or HIV may be at increased risk for anal cancer. HPV vaccination is a simple way to protect against the virus. It is highly recommended for both men and women. The vaccine is available in many forms and is widely recommended.
If you are experiencing the symptoms of anal cancer, you may have warts in your anal region. These symptoms are often vague and may take up to 6 months to diagnose. Anal cancers can interfere with the function of anal muscles and cause loss of bowel control. If left untreated, anal cancer may recur. In some cases, cancer may take months or years to return after treatment. If your cancer is in its early stages, treatment can be successful.
If you suspect you have anal cancer, your healthcare provider may recommend further tests. A CT scan or an MRI will help determine if the tumor has spread to nearby tissues. A PET/CT scan can be used to find distant metastases. Finally, ultrasound will measure the invasion of tumors. Once a diagnosis is confirmed, treatment options will be determined. If the cancer is still in the anal area, it is possible that it will spread to other parts of the body.
The TNM classification for anal cancer distinguishes between anal canal carcinoma and tumors arising along the anal margin. The two types of anal cancer are staged differently according to their stage. In general, the size of the primary tumor is the most important determinant of survival. Cancers in the anal canal are staged like skin cancers. In addition, chemoradiation is associated with a good chance of preserving anal sphincter function. However, surgery is still the treatment of choice for adenocarcinomas of the anus.
The risk of anal cancer is increased by smoking. The higher the cigarette intake and the longer you smoke, the greater the risk of anal cancer. Some people may be at a higher risk due to other, non-cancerous anal conditions. In addition, if you do develop anal cancer, there may be an undiagnosed condition that increases the risk. The best way to prevent anal cancer is to detect the condition early and take the necessary action.
While most patients benefit from a combination of treatments, there are a few notable exceptions to this rule. Patients with immunocompromised conditions may experience increased toxicity with definitive chemoradiotherapy for anal cancer. For example, patients with CD4+ cell counts below 200/I/4 L may benefit from IMRT. While this treatment option has its limitations, it is recommended for patients with immunosuppressive conditions.
