The uterine cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects the uterus to the vagina. It is a muscular, tunnel-like organ. The cervix allows fluids to move in and out of the uterus, allows sperm to pass through, and enables a baby to enter the uterus during childbirth. The cervix also acts as a barrier to keep bacteria and viruses from entering the uterus.
The endocervical canal is lined with a mucous membrane. The glands in this tissue layer secrete a clear, viscous, alkaline mucus that changes consistency during the menstrual cycle, and when a woman becomes pregnant. This mucus helps sperm move through the endocervical canal to fertilize an egg, and it contains proteins that prevent sperm from adhering to the surface. The cells in this membrane are arranged in a meshlike pattern with spaces and filaments. The cells secrete cilia that project into the mucus and help move the sperm. The mucus also contains lysozyme, an enzyme that destroys some types of bacteria.
This mucus is a natural barrier to infection. However, certain diseases can cause an overgrowth of the cells in the cervix. This may result in a thickened, reddish mass protruding through the external os on visual examination. The overgrowth is called a cervical polyp, and it usually begins as a single columnar papilla. Occasionally, the overgrowth of cells extends to cover an entire portion of the endocervical canal, and this is referred to as a cervical carcinoma.
Several tests can detect abnormal cells on the cervix. A Pap smear is a routine test that can identify early signs of cancer. If the results of the Pap smear are abnormal, you will be referred to a specialist doctor for further tests. A colposcope, a device that magnifies the area of your cervix and vagina like binoculars, can identify where the abnormal cells are located. If the doctor sees any suspicious areas, they can take a sample of the tissue (biopsy) for testing by a pathologist.
If a cancer is found on the cervix, radiation therapy or surgery can be used to treat it. Chemotherapy with radiation therapy is also used if the cancer is in an advanced stage or has spread to the lymph nodes. The use of a combination of these treatments has been shown to be more effective than either treatment alone.
If you are diagnosed with cancer of the cervix, your health care professional will recommend that you get regular follow-up exams. A healthcare professional will gently insert a speculum into your vagina to view the cervix and vagina with a microscope. They may also perform a pelvic ultrasound to check the area.
