Stomach cancer is an uncommon type of cancer that develops in the stomach. While this type of cancer is not contagious, it is more likely to develop in smokers. Although it is rare, it does run in families. Early detection of stomach cancer can improve treatment options. The cancer is generally difficult to detect in the early stages. Symptoms may include pain and abdominal discomfort. The most effective way to detect stomach cancer is to get a physical examination.
The stomach contains four layers. The innermost layer, the mucosa, contains the cells that produce acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, which helps the body absorb vitamin B12. The outer layer, the submucosa, is a layer of muscle that supports the stomach and supports the digestive processes. The outer two layers wrap around the stomach and form the antrum, the lower part of the esophagus, and the pylorus.
The most common type of stomach cancer is adenocarcinoma. While the digestive tract is the first line of defense against stomach cancer, some people develop it in other areas of the body. Treatment for stomach cancer can be difficult during and after cancer treatments. Some people may be unable to eat due to pain or discomfort, while others may find that their favorite foods no longer taste as good as they did. During these times, it can be helpful to discuss your treatment options with a registered dietitian.
A biopsy can confirm the diagnosis. A biopsy can also be done if the tumor has spread to nearby organs. A biopsy is the only way to determine if stomach cancer is present. A sample of the tissue taken from the stomach can be sent for a biopsy by a pathologist. When a tumor is present, it will be treated as such. When it has spread to distant areas, it is known as metastasis.
Almost half of all people with stomach cancer will get chemotherapy to treat the cancer. This treatment method consists of using drugs to kill cancer cells in the stomach. The drugs may be given before or after surgery, or they may be combined with radiation therapy. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer is usually administered intravenously or through a vein. Patients may also receive chemotherapy outside of the hospital. The treatment for stomach cancer is individualized and depends on the stage of the disease and the size of the tumor.
In addition to a physical examination, a gastroenterologist may order laboratory tests to diagnose the cancer. PD-L1 or high microsatellite instability (also known as mismatch repair deficiency) are two common factors that may indicate stomach cancer. These tests can also help a physician determine what treatment options are best for a patient. When they can identify what specific factors are affecting the disease, patients may undergo treatment with immunotherapy.
