Anaphylactic shock is a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. It occurs when the immune system overreacts to a trigger, such as an insect sting, food, drug, or latex.
In most cases, anaphylactic shock symptoms start within minutes of being exposed to the allergen. But they can also start hours or days later. About 20% of people who have anaphylactic shock will get a second wave called biphasic anaphylaxis, which is when the first reaction gets worse and the person has other symptoms like swelling or difficulty breathing.
If you think someone has anaphylactic shock, call 911 and give them CPR. Then, place them on their side so they can breathe easier.
Emergency medical personnel will need to give the person epinephrine, which is an adrenaline-like medicine. This will help them fight off the allergy.
They may also need fluids and medicines to help them breathe. They may need surgery, called a tracheostomy, to put a tube down the mouth or nose into the airway.
Treatment of anaphylactic shock is usually given in the hospital. The doctor will give the person more epinephrine to help them get better and will try other treatments. These might include steroids or antihistamines, inhaled bronchodilators, and vasopressors.
Epinephrine is the most effective treatment for anaphylactic shock. It works fast, and can be used by the doctor or paramedics to stop the reaction.
You should carry epinephrine auto-injectors (EpiPen) with you at all times, and you should know how to use them. Make sure your family members and friends understand how to use them, too.
Your doctor can also help you create an action plan for when you’re in a situation where you’re at risk for anaphylactic shock. This plan will tell you what you should do in case of anaphylactic shock and how to respond if you have it.
Insect stings are often the cause of anaphylactic shock. If you’re stung, remove the stinger as soon as possible and do not squeeze it, which releases more venom.
Exercise can also trigger anaphylactic shock. If you’re exercising, wear a mask to prevent contact with allergens. This will also protect you from asthma, a common allergy related to exercise.
Symptoms of anaphylactic shock depend on the allergen, but they often include pale or clammy skin, sweating, weak muscles, and rapid breathing. They can also include a low heart rate, a drop in blood pressure, and other signs of circulatory arrest.
If you or a loved one is at risk for anaphylactic shock, learn how to properly use epinephrine and develop a plan for emergency situations. This is especially important if you have food allergies or a history of serious reactions.
Allergy tests are also a good way to find out which foods, medication, or insect stings are causing your anaphylactic reactions. It’s best to talk to your doctor about these and other questions you might have.
A doctor can also tell you which medications to avoid because they can trigger a reaction in people who have allergies. For example, you should not take beta blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors if you have food allergies.
