Cancer near the anus can occur in many ways. Some people develop warts or polyps in the area, which are precancerous and can turn cancerous over time. These growths should be removed to prevent the cancer from spreading. Two common types of anal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma starts in the squamous cells in the outer layer of the anal canal and anal margin. Adenocarcinomas, on the other hand, begin in the glands of the anus and spread to deeper tissue.
Anal cancer can be detected in its early stages with an anorectal exam. It can be found in the lower anal canal. If symptoms persist after a few months, doctors may refer you to a colorectal surgeon to further investigate the cause. In addition to examining the anus, the doctor may insert a sigmoidoscope, proctoscope, or anoscope into the anus. A tissue sample is taken from the anal area and examined under a microscope to determine whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Although the outlook for people diagnosed with cancer near the anus is a good one, it is important to seek medical attention as early diagnosis is critical for a cure. While a treatment plan is based on the stage of the cancer, it may not be sufficient for a full recovery. The survival rate for localized anal cancer (SIL) is 80 percent. The survival rate for regional and distant cancers is 30%. The earlier the cancer is detected, the higher the chances of a cure.
While anal cancer is very rare, it is common to experience rectal bleeding or itching, which delays the diagnosis of the disease. A digital rectal examination can detect anal cancer during a minor procedure or routine digital rectal exam. Other procedures may be used, including anoscopy, proctoscopy, or endorectal ultrasound. If there is a suspicion of cancer, a biopsy may be taken and analyzed by a pathologist. For further testing, a doctor may also order abdominal and pelvic CT scans, as well as liver function studies.
Surgery is one of the main treatments for anal cancer. In early stages of the disease, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used. Sometimes surgery is performed after chemotherapy and radiotherapy have failed. Treatment options depend on the stage of the anal cancer, the size of the tumor, and its location. In early stages, tumours that are not yet infiltrating the muscle are operable and may be removed through resection. A surgeon will perform the procedure to remove the tumor while maintaining the normal function of the anal region.
While there is no known cause for anal cancer, certain risk factors have been linked to the disease. HPV, a sexually transmitted virus, is associated with a higher risk of anal cancer. HIV/AIDS is another risk factor. Furthermore, anal cancer is most common among HIV/AIDS positive people with weak immune systems. However, people with these factors should not smoke or engage in multiple sexual partners. The cancer is also more likely to occur in older people.
