Cancer of the esophagus (also called esophageal cancer) happens when abnormal cells in the lining of your esophagus start growing out of control and form a tumor. Over time, the tumor can grow and partially block the opening of your esophagus. This makes it difficult to swallow. The cancer may also spread to other parts of the body, such as your liver or brain.
The esophagus is a muscular tube that runs from the back of your throat to your stomach. It is lined with a mucous membrane that secretes fluid to help keep food lubricated and prevent irritation.
There are two main types of esophageal cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma develops when squamous cells (thin, flat cells that line the inside of your esophagus) grow out of control. It most often affects the upper part of your esophagus, but it can occur in the lower part of your esophagus, too. Most people with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus have throat pain and trouble swallowing. It is more common in people who smoke or drink too much alcohol. It is less common in women than in men.
Adenocarcinoma develops when glandular (secretory) cells that make mucus to help you swallow begin to grow out of control. It is most common in the lower part of your esophagus, and it can also occur at the area where your esophagus joins the stomach (the gastroesophageal junction, or GE junction). It is less common than SCC. Adenocarcinomas can also happen when squamous cells in your esophagus become abnormal and are replaced by glandular cells. This can happen in a condition called Barrett’s esophagus, which is linked to acid reflux.
Other types of cancer can occur in the esophagus, but they are less common. Lymphoma, melanoma, leiomyosarcoma, and other rare forms of cancer can start in the esophagus or spread there from another part of your body.
Most people with esophageal cancer survive only if it is diagnosed early and treated aggressively. It is harder to treat once the cancer has spread beyond the lining of your esophagus.
There are several types of tests used to diagnose esophageal cancer. The most common test is a chest x-ray, which takes pictures of the esophagus and the surrounding structures. An endoscopy, which inserts a lighted tube down your throat to look at the esophageal lining, is also sometimes used. A test called a positron emission tomography (PET) scan can help doctors find out how far the cancer has spread. In this test, you are given a radioactive substance that the cancer cells absorb. Then a scanner creates pictures of the area with high-resolution detail.
Treatment options include surgery, which involves removing the affected part of the esophagus. Doctors might also use chemotherapy or radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. If the cancer has spread to other areas of your body, your doctor may recommend treatment for those sites as well.
