No one knows what causes multiple sclerosis (MS). It may be partly genetic, but many researchers believe that being exposed to certain viruses or bacteria before the age of 20 increases your chances of developing it. Symptoms usually begin between the ages of 20 and 40. It is thought that MS occurs when your immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the brain and spinal cord, causing them to become damaged or scarred.
It can be hard to get a diagnosis because the symptoms can mimic so many other health problems. A neurologist, a doctor who treats diseases of the nervous system, can determine whether you have MS by examining your medical history and conducting screening and imaging tests.
To confirm an attack of MS, the neurologist will look for at least two distinct episodes of MS-like symptoms that are at least one month apart. In addition, he or she will want to see evidence of damage to the central nervous system myelin, a protective sheath that covers nerve fibers. This evidence can be seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine.
Other tests your neurologist might order include blood tests to rule out other conditions that can cause similar symptoms. He or she will also do a physical exam, looking for signs of weakness and other problems. The neurologist may also do an MRI scan of your brain and spine to look for areas of damage or scarring. Another important test is cerebrospinal fluid analysis, which checks the fluid in your spinal column for abnormalities. This is done with a procedure called lumbar puncture, which involves inserting a needle into your lower back to draw fluid for testing.
The most important thing to remember is that there is no cure for MS, but medications can slow the progression of the disease and help control your symptoms. You can also get support from a variety of organizations, such as the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. The key is to get diagnosed as early as possible. That way, you can take advantage of the new treatments that have been developed over the past 20 years to improve your quality of life and keep your symptoms from getting worse.
