Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Its symptoms include a hunched posture and slowed movement of the hands, arms, and head. These symptoms usually appear on only one side of the body at first. The disorder is usually inherited. It is caused by the gradual loss of neurons in a region of the brain called the substantia nigra. These nerve cells produce the neurotransmitter dopamine, which controls the body’s movements. The disease can also lead to a lowered sense of smell and constipation. Some patients can also experience difficulty initiating movement and turning while walking. Another common symptom is less frequent blinking, which is due to reduced muscle control. Other symptoms include a “mask-like” facial expression, called hypomimia.
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The onset of Parkinson’s symptoms can be gradual and mild at first. Early symptoms usually don’t interfere with daily activities and may go unnoticed by others. However, as the disease progresses, the symptoms can become more severe, impairing the ability to perform daily tasks. Depending on the severity of the symptoms, patients may still be able to walk and speak independently.
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Some patients with Parkinson’s disease may be candidates for surgery. This procedure is not a cure for the disease, but it can significantly reduce the amount of medicine needed to control its symptoms. Lesion surgery involves the placement of a lesion, or scarring of tissue, in the brain, to control tremor and rigidity. The procedure is done while the patient is awake and places a block in the area of the brain that causes tremors.
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Other signs of Parkinson’s disease include slowness of movement, difficulty walking and urinating, and changes in blood pressure. If these symptoms affect your daily activities, talk to your doctor. Your doctor may perform blood tests and X-rays to rule out other conditions. In addition to motor symptoms, patients may also experience mood changes.
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Genetic predisposition is one of the main risk factors for the disease. People with a family history of Parkinson’s have a greater risk of developing the disease. Environmental factors, such as exposure to pesticides, may also increase the risk of developing the disease. Other symptoms of PD include stiffness of the muscles and postural instability, which may result in gait problems and falls.
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Exercise can help patients with PD improve their flexibility, balance, and range of motion. It can also improve patients’ overall health, reduce depression, and improve their mood. A physical therapist can help patients develop an exercise program. Some exercises may include walking, swimming, and stretching. While doing physical exercises, patients should be careful not to move too fast and to watch their posture.
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Although the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are usually mild and non-threatening, the condition can become more serious if left untreated. Fortunately, doctors have made advancements in medicine to treat this condition. They now offer several medications that replace dopamine in the brain and help people with certain symptoms. These medicines may need to be adjusted as the disease progresses. Deep brain stimulation is another FDA-approved treatment for Parkinson’s disease, in which an electrical device is implanted deep into the brain to stimulate specific areas in the brain that control movement. It may also eliminate the need for certain medicines.
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A doctor will diagnose Parkinson’s disease based on a patient’s health history, neurological exam, and physical exam. In some cases, imaging tests are necessary to rule out other conditions. In some cases, a doctor may recommend a special SPECT scan called a dopamine transporter (DAT) scan to diagnose Parkinson’s disease. The symptoms that are present may be hard to distinguish from other conditions.
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Treatment options include levodopa and carbidopa. Both of these drugs act on the nerve cells in the brain and help replenish the depleted dopamine. A combination of these two medications is usually used. The combination can reduce the side effects of levodopa and carbidopa. However, it is important to note that stopping levodopa abruptly may result in serious side effects.
