Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder in which the person’s movements and abilities slowly deteriorate over time. The disease affects the substantia nigra, a small part of the brain, and causes the nerve cells to die for reasons unknown. When this happens, less dopamine is produced for controlling movement. When the substantia nigra is healthy, it still makes enough dopamine to control movement. Parkinson’s patients generally experience tremors or shaking in one or both limbs. While this may be very frightening, the disease is manageable and can be controlled with medication.
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In the early stages of Parkinson’s disease, it can be difficult to diagnose. During a physical examination and neurological evaluation, doctors will look for changes in the person’s muscle strength, coordination, and reflexes. The doctor will also likely order blood tests and brain imaging to rule out other conditions. It can take time to find the cause of the symptoms, but it is important to seek a diagnosis immediately.
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The patient’s gait may also change. The person may walk with an irregular speed, blink less frequently, or have a shorter stride. Other early Parkinson Symptoms include reduced vocal control and changes in voice volume. Patients may have difficulty with facial expressions, such as frowning, smiling, or grimacing.
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A person with Parkinson’s disease can have difficulty walking, concentrating, speaking, and performing unconscious movements. They may have trouble getting up from a chair or moving out of bed. They may also experience tremors, difficulty with balance, and difficulty with urination. Eventually, these symptoms can prevent the patient from being able to perform even basic activities.
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People with a family history of Parkinson’s disease are at increased risk of developing it. This is likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Exposure to environmental toxins can also increase the risk of the disease. Other symptoms of Parkinson disease include rigid muscles and postural instability. These symptoms may cause poor balance and falls. They may also cause fatigue, making a person less productive during the day. If you have any of these symptoms, see your doctor right away.
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Parkinson’s disease affects the basal ganglia, which produce dopamine. When these neurons are damaged, they produce less dopamine, and movement becomes difficult. Scientists are still trying to understand the causes of the brain malfunction. They are also trying to find a cure for Parkinson’s disease.
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Oftentimes, people with Parkinson’s disease require multiple medications to control their symptoms. Exercise can help reduce Parkinson’s symptoms by improving muscle strength and balance, and can even reduce depression. A physical therapist can recommend an exercise program that is right for you. In some cases, people with the disease can be helped by deep brain stimulation surgery. During this surgery, electrodes are placed in the brain. The electrodes are connected to a small generator in the chest that sends electrical impulses to the brain. While most patients remain awake during the procedure, the effects of this surgery may not be immediately noticeable.
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Parkinson’s disease may also impair a person’s sense of taste and smell. Both odor and flavor are heavily involved with the sense of smell, and the disease can impair both. Patients may also experience difficulty in urination, increased urgency, or even difficulty in getting to the restroom.
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While many medications are available to treat the symptoms of Parkinson’s, they become ineffective over time. Some medications are only effective when they’re taken with other medications. In advanced stages, surgery is a last resort. For people who’ve failed to respond to other therapies, deep brain stimulation may be used. The implanted electrodes target brain areas that control movement. As long as it’s not too complicated, deep brain stimulation can help control the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
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The most common medication for treating Parkinson’s is levodopa. This medication helps the brain produce more dopamine. Levodopa is given with a complementary drug called carbidopa, which delays its breakdown and increases its availability at the blood-brain barrier. Other drugs that may be prescribed include dopamine agonists, which imitate the effects of dopamine on the nerve cells in the brain. These drugs can be used as bridge medications between levodopa and other medications.
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Treatment for Parkinson disease varies from person to person, and the treatment is customized to the patient’s needs. Treatments may involve medicines, physical therapy, or occupational therapy. In some cases, surgery is recommended in advanced stages. For people who can’t tolerate the medications, doctors may recommend lifestyle changes. The main goal of therapy is to control the symptoms of Parkinson disease.
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