In addition to a physical examination, doctors may use ultrasounds of the testis and serum tumor markers to determine whether the cancer has spread to other organs. An MRI uses radio waves and magnets to produce pictures of the internal structures of the body. Early detection and treatment are critical in ensuring a patient’s long-term survival. Symptoms of testicular cancer may be vague or nonexistent, so a doctor’s diagnosis is necessary to determine whether the cancer has spread.
Most forms of testicular cancer involve the cells of embryonal carcinoma, which look like the tissue of an early human embryo. Although rare, pure embryonal cancers may spread outside the testicle and become malignant. Moreover, these tumors tend to increase levels of HCG and tumor markers in the blood. Other names for embryonal cancer include yolk sac carcinoma and orchidoblastoma. Although they are rare, they often respond well to chemotherapy. In 50% of cases, teratomas recur.
The cause of testicular cancer is unknown. Some studies suggest that genetics may play a role in the development of the disease. Researchers are trying to identify genes that may increase the risk of developing the disease. Those who have a family history of testicular cancer may also be more likely to get it as well. Fortunately, there is currently a cure for testicular cancer. In Lance Armstrong’s case, the cancer was detected at an early stage and he was able to resume his racing career two years later.
The best way to tell whether testicular cancer is in the early stages is through ultrasound. Ultrasound is a noninvasive procedure that uses sound waves to look at the mass and determine whether it is a solid tumor or a fluid-filled cavity. Ultrasound imaging can strongly suggest a diagnosis of testicular cancer. Then, cancer cells spread to nearby organs. When the tumor has spread to distant organs, it is classified as a stage III tumor.
Symptoms of testicular cancer can be difficult to detect at the early stage. A physician will likely perform an ultrasound to determine the exact location and extent of the cancer. Other symptoms include a smooth seal over the testis tissue, swelling of the scrotum, and moderately expressed pain. Symptoms may be localized to one testicle, or they may be bilateral. If a doctor notices these symptoms in your body, they should recommend a testicular biopsy.
Some types of testicular cancer are characterized by increased hormone levels in the blood. These hormones include estrogen, chorionic honodotropin, and testosterone. In boys, too much testosterone can lead to early puberty. Although symptoms may be rare in most cases, testicular tumors can deform the testis and cause fluid to accumulate in the appendage. In severe cases, the testis may lose its boundary with the appendage.
