Parkinson’s disease affects the brain’s dopamine system, which is responsible for controlling movement. Dopamine is produced by a small region in the brain called the substantia nigra. As this region loses nerve cells, symptoms begin to appear. When the disease progresses to the second and third stages, symptoms can become more pronounced and interfere with daily activities. In the early stages, the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are not noticeable to others and may not prompt a diagnosis. However, these symptoms can be managed with medication. In the second and third stages, patients may develop rigidity and have difficulty walking. Some people also experience posture problems.
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A physician trained in neurological disorders will diagnose the disease by reviewing your medical history and performing a neurological exam. A doctor may also suggest an imaging test called a brain scan to rule out other conditions or illnesses. Depending on the severity of your symptoms, a doctor may recommend a specialized test, such as a SPECT scan to look for signs of the disease.
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In some cases, trial tests of medicines may be necessary. In severe cases, doctors may prescribe levodopa therapy, a drug that helps reduce tremors and other symptoms. These medications have helped some people manage their symptoms and may be used to help diagnose Parkinson disease. Other tests include a CT scan and an MRI. CT scans are much more detailed than general X-rays, so they can provide more detailed images of the body’s internal structure. An MRI requires a patient to be under a certain dose of radiation, so patients should be cautious when undergoing this test.
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Another symptom of Parkinson’s disease is a loss of motor skills. Patients with this disease may experience difficulty walking, sitting, or standing up. Their movement is also slow and shaky. They may also have trouble getting up or out of a chair or urinating. If any of these symptoms are present, the patient should seek medical attention immediately.
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Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease vary from person to person, and they may begin at an early age and become more severe over time. Parkinson’s symptoms are divided into two categories: motor symptoms and nonmotor symptoms. Early symptoms include mild tremors, difficulty walking, and speaking too softly. Another symptom of early Parkinson’s is a person’s inability to move without stopping in mid-stride, freezing in place, or falling. As the disease progresses, medication is often required.
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Surgery is another option to treat the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. While this treatment does not cure the disease, it can greatly reduce the amount of medicine needed to control symptoms. It can also improve muscle function, especially for people who have tremors and rigidity. The procedure is called lesion surgery. In the process, a small section of tissue is removed from the brain to prevent the brain from producing the substance that causes the tremor.
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The main therapy for Parkinson’s disease is levodopa. This medication causes the brain’s nerve cells to produce dopamine. This, in turn, replenishes the brain’s dwindling supply. Levodopa is usually taken in conjunction with another drug called carbidopa. The carbidopa helps reduce the side effects of levodopa. While levodopa is highly effective for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, levodopa should be taken with caution.
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Treatment for Parkinson’s disease is tailored to the needs of each individual. It may include medicines to control movements and physical therapy. In more severe cases, surgery may be needed. If the condition worsens or has become more severe, health care providers may recommend lifestyle changes to help the patient cope. Physical therapy may focus on improving balance and stretching. A speech pathologist may help the patient communicate more clearly. Various tests may also be performed to determine the severity of the symptoms and how to best manage them.
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